[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1389},["ShallowReactive",2],{"Footer_8bXNFXYX6wgkC5g8iX784dLp8jDy4Cs1s4DQNBlZm7A":3,"content-\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fnewcastle-disease":10,"related-\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fnewcastle-disease":329},["Island",4],{"key":5,"result":6},"Footer_8bXNFXYX6wgkC5g8iX784dLp8jDy4Cs1s4DQNBlZm7A",{"head":7},{"link":8,"style":9},[],[],{"id":11,"title":12,"author":13,"body":14,"category":257,"day":258,"description":12,"editorialReview":259,"extension":260,"featuredCategories":258,"futureReady":258,"handoff":258,"hero":258,"homepageSections":258,"language":261,"lastUpdated":262,"meta":263,"navigation":266,"path":267,"phase":258,"practical":268,"seo":305,"sequence":258,"stats":258,"stem":326,"tags":258,"translationVersion":327,"version":327,"whyKodiBook":258,"__hash__":328},"content\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fnewcastle-disease.md","Newcastle Disease","KodiBook Digital Research Team",{"type":15,"value":16,"toc":246},"minimark",[17,22,47,51,55,59,62,66,71,74,78,104,108,119,123,134,138,149,153,161,165,182,186,203,207,218,222,227,231,239,243],[18,19,21],"h1",{"id":20},"entity-metadata","Entity Metadata",[23,24,25,29,32,35,38,41,44],"ul",{},[26,27,28],"li",{},"Entity Name: Newcastle Disease",[26,30,31],{},"Alternative Names: Ranikhet Disease",[26,33,34],{},"Scientific Name: Avian Orthoavulavirus 1 (formerly Avian Paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1))",[26,36,37],{},"Category: Viral",[26,39,40],{},"Subcategory: Infectious Pathogen",[26,42,43],{},"Commercial Importance: Critical (severe threat to international trade, major economic losses)",[26,45,46],{},"India Relevance: 100% mortality in unvaccinated flocks, canonically known as Ranikhet",[18,48,50],{"id":49},"identity","Identity",[52,53,54],"p",{},"A critical-priority viral infectious disease affecting poultry that specifically targets the nervous, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. The disease has a critical commercial impact globally and can cause up to 100% mortality and 100% morbidity in flocks that are not vaccinated.",[18,56,58],{"id":57},"overview","Overview",[52,60,61],{},"Newcastle Disease, canonically known as Ranikhet in India and South Asia, is a critical-priority viral infectious pathogen that is endemic in many parts of Asia and severely impacts commercial poultry operations globally. The enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus specifically targets the birds' nervous, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. It is highly lethal, with the potential to cause up to 100% morbidity and 100% mortality in unvaccinated flocks, particularly with highly virulent velogenic viscerotropic strains. There are no specific medicines for treating the disease once contracted. Prevention relies heavily on a robust vaccination program—live lentogenic vaccines (F-strain, LaSota, ND B1) administered early, boosted by mesogenic strains (R2B) or inactivated oil-emulsified vaccines—along with strict biosecurity, absolute visitor restriction, and vector-proof housing. Concurrent Mycoplasma infections can synergistically exacerbate post-vaccinal respiratory reactions.",[18,63,65],{"id":64},"structured-facts","Structured Facts",[67,68,70],"h2",{"id":69},"classification","Classification",[52,72,73],{},"Viral > Infectious Pathogen",[67,75,77],{"id":76},"epidemiology","Epidemiology",[23,79,80,83,86,89,92,95,98,101],{},[26,81,82],{},"Prevalence in India: Endemic",[26,84,85],{},"Severity: Critical; up to 100% mortality in unvaccinated flocks",[26,87,88],{},"Affected Species: Poultry",[26,90,91],{},"Affected Age: All developmental stages; young chicks exhibit higher susceptibility and peracute clinical manifestations",[26,93,94],{},"Transmission: Rapid horizontal spread mediated by airborne aerosols and ingestion of feces-contaminated feed or water",[26,96,97],{},"Mortality: Up to 100% in unvaccinated flocks (approaches 100% with velogenic viscerotropic strains)",[26,99,100],{},"Morbidity: Up to 100% in susceptible, unvaccinated flocks",[26,102,103],{},"Economic Importance: Critical impact on commercial operations and international trade",[67,105,107],{"id":106},"clinical-signs","Clinical Signs",[23,109,110,113,116],{},[26,111,112],{},"Early\u002FIntermediate: Rapid onset of severe respiratory distress (gasping, coughing, tracheal rales), greenish-watery diarrhea and a complete cessation of egg production in laying flocks",[26,114,115],{},"Advanced: Nervous signs (torticollis, leg and wing paralysis, tremors); targets Nervous, Respiratory, and Gastrointestinal systems",[26,117,118],{},"Postmortem Findings: Hemorrhage of the proventricular mucosa (particularly at tips of proventricular glands), necrotic and hemorrhagic cecal tonsils, and linear ulcerations in intestinal lymphoid patches",[67,120,122],{"id":121},"diagnosis","Diagnosis",[23,124,125,128,131],{},[26,126,127],{},"Field Diagnosis: Rapid onset of severe respiratory distress, greenish-watery diarrhea, nervous signs, and cessation of egg production",[26,129,130],{},"Laboratory Tests: Virus isolation in embryonated SPF chicken eggs, hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, RT-PCR targeting the fusion gene, or sequencing of the F-cleavage site",[26,132,133],{},"Differential Diagnosis: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Infectious Laryngotracheitis, and Infectious Coryza",[67,135,137],{"id":136},"treatment","Treatment",[23,139,140,143,146],{},[26,141,142],{},"Immediate Actions: Strict biosecurity, absolute restriction of visitor access, and vector-proof housing",[26,144,145],{},"Medicines: None exist",[26,147,148],{},"Veterinary Intervention: Guided by SVTG protocols",[67,150,152],{"id":151},"prevention","Prevention",[23,154,155,158],{},[26,156,157],{},"Vaccination: Live lentogenic vaccines including F-strain (Intraocular \u002F Intranasal \u002F Drinking water), ND LaSota (Drinking water \u002F Intraocular), ND B1 (Intraocular \u002F Intranasal drop); Mesogenic strains like R2B; ND Clone-30 (Spray \u002F Intraocular drop); ND+IB+EDS Killed (Subcutaneous \u002F Intramuscular); HVT-ND Recombinant (Subcutaneous \u002F In-ovo)",[26,159,160],{},"Biosecurity: Mitigated by standard Biosecurity Protocols, absolute restriction of visitor access, vector-proof housing",[18,162,164],{"id":163},"quantitative-data","Quantitative Data",[23,166,167,170,173,176,179],{},[26,168,169],{},"Morbidity Rate: Up to 100% in susceptible, unvaccinated flocks",[26,171,172],{},"Mortality Rate: Up to 100% in unvaccinated flocks",[26,174,175],{},"Intracerebral Pathogenicity Index (ICPI): Ranges from 0.0 (lentogenic) to 2.0 (highly virulent velogenic) in 1-day-old chicks",[26,177,178],{},"Velogenic Threshold Classification: ICPI > 0.7 or Intravenous Pathogenicity Index (IVPI) > 1.2",[26,180,181],{},"Vaccination Schedule (Live Lentogenic): 1 to 7 days of age",[18,183,185],{"id":184},"relationships","Relationships",[23,187,188,191,194,197,200],{},[26,189,190],{},"Vaccines: ND LaSota, ND B1, ND Clone-30, ND+IB+EDS Killed, HVT-ND Recombinant, F-strain, R2B",[26,192,193],{},"Medicines: None",[26,195,196],{},"Biosecurity: Biosecurity Protocols, vector-proof housing, visitor restriction",[26,198,199],{},"Synergistic Pathogens: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae",[26,201,202],{},"Related Diseases: Colibacillosis (prior viral replication facilitates APEC colonization)",[18,204,206],{"id":205},"evidence","Evidence",[23,208,209,212,215],{},[26,210,211],{},"Source: Comprehensive Guide to Avian Pathogens and Poultry Health Management; India Poultry Knowledge Inventory; Poultry Disease and Health Management Compendium; Poultry Disease Canonical Research",[26,213,214],{},"Organization: DAHD, WOAH, ICAR-IVRI",[26,216,217],{},"Evidence Strength: Complete",[18,219,221],{"id":220},"references","References",[23,223,224],{},[26,225,226],{},"Merck Veterinary Manual, Standard Veterinary Treatment Guidelines (DAHD)",[18,228,230],{"id":229},"missing-information","Missing Information",[23,232,233,236],{},[26,234,235],{},"Specific seasonality parameters",[26,237,238],{},"Specific therapeutic interventions and supportive care (none exist)",[18,240,242],{"id":241},"schema-coverage","Schema Coverage",[52,244,245],{},"Identity: Complete\nStructured Facts: Complete\nQuantitative Data: Complete\nRelationships: Complete\nEvidence: Complete\nReferences: Partial\nOverall Completeness: 95%",{"title":247,"searchDepth":248,"depth":248,"links":249},"",3,[250,252,253,254,255,256],{"id":69,"depth":251,"text":70},2,{"id":76,"depth":251,"text":77},{"id":106,"depth":251,"text":107},{"id":121,"depth":251,"text":122},{"id":136,"depth":251,"text":137},{"id":151,"depth":251,"text":152},"diseases",null,"KodiBook Editorial Team","md","en","2026-06-27",{"puid":264,"readingTime":265},"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00e-7e56-b949-f80eaacb9d5b",4,true,"\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fnewcastle-disease",{"entityId":247,"entityType":269,"language":261,"slug":270,"atAGlance":271,"whatYouMayNotice":275,"whyItMatters":285,"whatToCheck":286,"practicalProtocol":296,"preventionControl":297,"veterinaryEscalation":304,"hasPracticalData":266},"disease","newcastle-disease",[272],{"label":273,"value":274},"Severity Level","High",[276,279,282],{"label":277,"value":278},"Early Signs","Rapid onset of severe respiratory distress (gasping, coughing, tracheal rales), greenish-watery diarrhea and a complete cessation of egg production in laying flocks",{"label":280,"value":281},"Advanced Symptoms","Nervous signs (torticollis, leg and wing paralysis, tremors); targets Nervous, Respiratory, and Gastrointestinal systems",{"label":283,"value":284},"Postmortem Findings","Hemorrhage of the proventricular mucosa (particularly at tips of proventricular glands), necrotic and hemorrhagic cecal tonsils, and linear ulcerations in intestinal lymphoid patches",[],[287,290,293],{"label":288,"value":289},"Field Verification","Rapid onset of severe respiratory distress, greenish-watery diarrhea, nervous signs, and cessation of egg production",{"label":291,"value":292},"Laboratory Confirmation","Virus isolation in embryonated SPF chicken eggs, hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, RT-PCR targeting the fusion gene, or sequencing of the F-cleavage site",{"label":294,"value":295},"Differential Possibilities","Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Infectious Laryngotracheitis, and Infectious Coryza",[],[298,301],{"label":299,"value":300},"Vaccination Control","Hatchery standard or field boosting",{"label":302,"value":303},"Biosecurity Action","Biosecurity Protocols, vector-proof housing, visitor restriction",[],{"keywords":306,"canonical":309,"hreflangs":310,"schemas":324,"title":12,"description":12},[257,307,308,261],"poultry farming","kodibook guide","https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fnewcastle-disease\u002F",[311,312,315,318,321],{"lang":261,"href":309},{"lang":313,"href":314},"hi","https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fhi\u002Fdiseases\u002Fnewcastle-disease\u002F",{"lang":316,"href":317},"te","https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fte\u002Fdiseases\u002Fnewcastle-disease\u002F",{"lang":319,"href":320},"ta","https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fta\u002Fdiseases\u002Fnewcastle-disease\u002F",{"lang":322,"href":323},"kn","https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fkn\u002Fdiseases\u002Fnewcastle-disease\u002F",[325],"{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@type\":\"TechArticle\",\"headline\":\"Newcastle Disease\",\"description\":\"Newcastle Disease\",\"identifier\":\"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00e-7e56-b949-f80eaacb9d5b\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fnewcastle-disease\u002F\",\"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"KodiBook\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\"}}","en\u002Fdiseases\u002Fnewcastle-disease",1,"indhp_UqB6Ngv0ubnGd0I6xyC3Uputv7kvndFBEn7Rc",[330,535,734,927,1149],{"id":331,"title":332,"author":13,"body":333,"category":257,"day":258,"description":332,"editorialReview":259,"extension":260,"featuredCategories":258,"futureReady":258,"handoff":258,"hero":258,"homepageSections":258,"language":261,"lastUpdated":262,"meta":478,"navigation":266,"path":480,"phase":258,"practical":481,"seo":518,"sequence":258,"stats":258,"stem":533,"tags":258,"translationVersion":327,"version":327,"whyKodiBook":258,"__hash__":534},"content\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Faflatoxicosis.md","Aflatoxicosis in Poultry",{"type":15,"value":334,"toc":470},[335,337,340,342,345,347,349,352,354,383,385,396,398,409,411,425,427,438,440,457,459],[18,336,50],{"id":49},[52,338,339],{},"A critical, systemic toxicological disease caused by ingestion of aflatoxins produced by moldy feed. It severely targets hepatic protein synthesis, leading to liver damage, lipid accumulation, and critical immunosuppression resulting in vaccination failures.",[18,341,58],{"id":57},[52,343,344],{},"Aflatoxicosis is a critical toxicological pathogen driven by highly toxic secondary metabolites (primarily Aflatoxin B1). Molds grow on feed ingredients (maize, groundnut) when moisture >15% and humidity >75%. The toxins are metabolized in the liver into reactive epoxides that covalently bind to DNA\u002FRNA, halting protein synthesis and causing severe hepatic lipid accumulation. This results in profound immunosuppression (failure of NDV\u002FIBD vaccines) and predisposes flocks to secondary diseases like Colibacillosis and Visceral Gout. Prevention relies on testing raw ingredients (rejecting >20 ppb) and utilizing feed-based toxin binders (HSCAS).",[18,346,65],{"id":64},[67,348,70],{"id":69},[52,350,351],{},"Toxicological > Non-Infectious",[67,353,77],{"id":76},[23,355,356,359,362,365,368,371,374,377,380],{},[26,357,358],{},"Prevalence in India: Widespread feed contamination",[26,360,361],{},"Severity: Critical",[26,363,364],{},"Affected Species: Poultry (Broilers and ducklings highly susceptible)",[26,366,367],{},"Affected Age: All ages",[26,369,370],{},"Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated feed",[26,372,373],{},"Seasonality: Associated with warm ambient temperatures (25°C to 35°C) and high humidity",[26,375,376],{},"Mortality: 5% to 30% (acute)",[26,378,379],{},"Morbidity: Approaches 100% in exposed flocks",[26,381,382],{},"Economic Importance: Critical (FCR impact, severe public health risk via milk\u002Fegg residues AFM1)",[67,384,107],{"id":106},[23,386,387,390,393],{},[26,388,389],{},"Early\u002FIntermediate: Drop in feed intake, stunted growth, poor feathering, increased bruising",[26,391,392],{},"Advanced: Severe immunosuppression, targets Hepatic and Coagulation systems",[26,394,395],{},"Postmortem Findings: Enlarged, pale-yellow, greasy, friable liver with subcapsular petechiae. Enlarged gallbladder with thick green bile. Severe atrophy of bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen.",[67,397,122],{"id":121},[23,399,400,403,406],{},[26,401,402],{},"Field Diagnosis: Stunted flocks with pale greasy livers",[26,404,405],{},"Laboratory Tests: HPLC or ELISA of feed samples to quantify aflatoxin levels. Histopathology: hepatocellular vacuolization, biliary hyperplasia.",[26,407,408],{},"Differential Diagnosis: Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Inclusion Body Hepatitis",[67,410,137],{"id":136},[23,412,413,416,419,422],{},[26,414,415],{},"Immediate Actions: Remove contaminated feed",[26,417,418],{},"Supportive Care: Lipotropic factors (choline, methionine) and Vitamin therapy",[26,420,421],{},"Medicines: High-affinity toxin binders (Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate - HSCAS)",[26,423,424],{},"Withdrawal: Not applicable",[67,426,152],{"id":151},[23,428,429,432,435],{},[26,430,431],{},"Vaccination: None (Aflatoxicosis causes vaccination failure for other diseases)",[26,433,434],{},"Biosecurity: Feed screening (rejecting > 20 ppb)",[26,436,437],{},"Farm Management: Maintain feed moisture \u003C 12%, use multi-functional mycotoxin binders",[18,439,164],{"id":163},[23,441,442,445,448,451,454],{},[26,443,444],{},"Morbidity Rate: 100%",[26,446,447],{},"Mortality Rate: 5% to 30% (Acute)",[26,449,450],{},"Regulatory Threshold: > 20 ppb (rejection)",[26,452,453],{},"Environmental Triggers: Moisture > 15%, Humidity > 75%, Temp 25-35°C",[26,455,456],{},"Safe Moisture Level: \u003C 12%",[18,458,185],{"id":184},[23,460,461,464,467],{},[26,462,463],{},"Vaccines: Impairs efficacy of NDV and IBDV vaccines",[26,465,466],{},"Medicines: HSCAS (Toxin Binders), Choline, Methionine",[26,468,469],{},"Related Diseases: Colibacillosis, Visceral Gout, Systemic Mycotoxicosis",{"title":247,"searchDepth":248,"depth":248,"links":471},[472,473,474,475,476,477],{"id":69,"depth":251,"text":70},{"id":76,"depth":251,"text":77},{"id":106,"depth":251,"text":107},{"id":121,"depth":251,"text":122},{"id":136,"depth":251,"text":137},{"id":151,"depth":251,"text":152},{"puid":479,"readingTime":251},"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00c-7b14-aaf2-9eeb8edc68d2","\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Faflatoxicosis",{"entityId":247,"entityType":269,"language":261,"slug":482,"atAGlance":483,"whatYouMayNotice":491,"whyItMatters":498,"whatToCheck":505,"practicalProtocol":512,"preventionControl":513,"veterinaryEscalation":517,"hasPracticalData":266},"aflatoxicosis",[484,485,488],{"label":273,"value":274},{"label":486,"value":487},"Mainly Affected","All ages",{"label":489,"value":490},"Spread Route","Ingestion of contaminated feed",[492,494,496],{"label":277,"value":493},"Drop in feed intake, stunted growth, poor feathering, increased bruising",{"label":280,"value":495},"Severe immunosuppression, targets Hepatic and Coagulation systems",{"label":283,"value":497},"Enlarged, pale-yellow, greasy, friable liver with subcapsular petechiae. Enlarged gallbladder with thick green bile. Severe atrophy of bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen.",[499,502],{"label":500,"value":501},"Reported Mortality","5% to 30% (acute)",{"label":503,"value":504},"Economic Risk","Critical (FCR impact, severe public health risk via milk\u002Fegg residues AFM1)",[506,508,510],{"label":288,"value":507},"Stunted flocks with pale greasy livers",{"label":291,"value":509},"HPLC or ELISA of feed samples to quantify aflatoxin levels. Histopathology: hepatocellular vacuolization, biliary hyperplasia.",{"label":294,"value":511},"Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Inclusion Body Hepatitis",[],[514,515],{"label":299,"value":300},{"label":302,"value":516},"Feed screening (rejecting > 20 ppb)",[],{"keywords":519,"canonical":520,"hreflangs":521,"schemas":531,"title":332,"description":332},[257,307,308,261],"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Faflatoxicosis\u002F",[522,523,525,527,529],{"lang":261,"href":520},{"lang":313,"href":524},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fhi\u002Fdiseases\u002Faflatoxicosis\u002F",{"lang":316,"href":526},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fte\u002Fdiseases\u002Faflatoxicosis\u002F",{"lang":319,"href":528},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fta\u002Fdiseases\u002Faflatoxicosis\u002F",{"lang":322,"href":530},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fkn\u002Fdiseases\u002Faflatoxicosis\u002F",[532],"{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@type\":\"TechArticle\",\"headline\":\"Aflatoxicosis in Poultry\",\"description\":\"Aflatoxicosis in Poultry\",\"identifier\":\"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00c-7b14-aaf2-9eeb8edc68d2\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Faflatoxicosis\u002F\",\"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"KodiBook\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\"}}","en\u002Fdiseases\u002Faflatoxicosis","Oa3u0UQKoKA7jiEQuw8XR-N2fT7LEDmljVm1Hj3X1X4",{"id":536,"title":537,"author":13,"body":538,"category":257,"day":258,"description":537,"editorialReview":259,"extension":260,"featuredCategories":258,"futureReady":258,"handoff":258,"hero":258,"homepageSections":258,"language":261,"lastUpdated":262,"meta":682,"navigation":266,"path":684,"phase":258,"practical":685,"seo":717,"sequence":258,"stats":258,"stem":732,"tags":258,"translationVersion":327,"version":327,"whyKodiBook":258,"__hash__":733},"content\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fammonia-toxicity.md","Ammonia Toxicity",{"type":15,"value":539,"toc":674},[540,542,545,547,550,552,554,557,559,587,589,600,602,613,615,624,626,637,639,656,658],[18,541,50],{"id":49},[52,543,544],{},"An environmental, non-infectious condition caused by the accumulation of ammonia gas from fecal decomposition. The gas forms alkaline ammonium hydroxide on mucosal surfaces, causing severe corneal ulceration and paralyzing tracheal cilia.",[18,546,58],{"id":57},[52,548,549],{},"Ammonia Toxicity is a major environmental disorder in intensive poultry housing. High litter moisture, high pH, and poor ventilation accelerate microbial uric acid breakdown into NH3. Exposure directly burns the cornea causing blindness (at >50 ppm) and paralyzes the tracheal mucociliary escalator (deciliation at >25 ppm). This directly predisposes flocks to secondary colisepticemia. Management requires continuous electrochemical sensing to keep levels below 20 ppm, utilizing ventilation, daily litter raking, and litter acidifiers (alum) to convert volatile ammonia into stable ammonium.",[18,551,65],{"id":64},[67,553,70],{"id":69},[52,555,556],{},"Environmental > Non-Infectious",[67,558,77],{"id":76},[23,560,561,564,567,569,572,575,578,581,584],{},[26,562,563],{},"Prevalence in India: Highly prevalent in intensive housing",[26,565,566],{},"Severity: High",[26,568,88],{},[26,570,571],{},"Affected Age: All age groups; growing broilers show high susceptibility",[26,573,574],{},"Transmission: Non-infectious (environmental exposure)",[26,576,577],{},"Seasonality: Associated with wet litter\u002Fpoor ventilation",[26,579,580],{},"Mortality: 10% to 15% (indirectly, due to secondary respiratory infections)",[26,582,583],{},"Morbidity: High in poorly ventilated houses",[26,585,586],{},"Economic Importance: High",[67,588,107],{"id":106},[23,590,591,594,597],{},[26,592,593],{},"Early\u002FIntermediate: Squinting, blinking, watery eyes, conjunctivitis, severe photophobia, blepharo-spasm. Respiratory: tracheal rales, coughing, sneezing.",[26,595,596],{},"Advanced: Corneal ulcers, blindness; targets Respiratory and Integumentary (Ocular) systems.",[26,598,599],{},"Postmortem Findings: Severe conjunctival congestion, corneal edema\u002Fulceration, tracheal mucosal congestion with loss of ciliated epithelial layer.",[67,601,122],{"id":121},[23,603,604,607,610],{},[26,605,606],{},"Field Diagnosis: Ocular irritation, strong ammonia smell",[26,608,609],{},"Laboratory Tests: Colorimetric indicator tubes or electronic gas detectors; Histopathology showing tracheal deciliation",[26,611,612],{},"Differential Diagnosis: Infectious Laryngotracheitis, Newcastle Disease",[67,614,137],{"id":136},[23,616,617,620,622],{},[26,618,619],{},"Immediate Actions: Turn fans on (via Ammonia Reduction Tree protocol), improve ventilation",[26,621,193],{},[26,623,424],{},[67,625,152],{"id":151},[23,627,628,631,634],{},[26,629,630],{},"Vaccination: None",[26,632,633],{},"Biosecurity: Not applicable",[26,635,636],{},"Farm Management: Regulate curtain position; daily tilling of litter; use litter conditioners (aluminum sulfate \u002F alum, sodium bisulfate) to lower pH; maintain litter moisture \u003C 25%.",[18,638,164],{"id":163},[23,640,641,644,647,650,653],{},[26,642,643],{},"Safe Threshold: \u003C 20 ppm",[26,645,646],{},"Deciliation Threshold: > 25 ppm",[26,648,649],{},"Corneal Ulcer Threshold: > 50 ppm",[26,651,652],{},"Indirect Mortality: 10% to 15%",[26,654,655],{},"Litter Moisture Target: \u003C 25%",[18,657,185],{"id":184},[23,659,660,663,665,668,671],{},[26,661,662],{},"Vaccines: None",[26,664,193],{},[26,666,667],{},"Management Protocols: Ammonia Reduction Tree, Alum Litter Treatment, Curtain adjustment",[26,669,670],{},"Equipment: Ammonia Electrochemical Sensor, Gas Detectors",[26,672,673],{},"Predisposing Relationships: Severe trigger for Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (Colibacillosis)",{"title":247,"searchDepth":248,"depth":248,"links":675},[676,677,678,679,680,681],{"id":69,"depth":251,"text":70},{"id":76,"depth":251,"text":77},{"id":106,"depth":251,"text":107},{"id":121,"depth":251,"text":122},{"id":136,"depth":251,"text":137},{"id":151,"depth":251,"text":152},{"puid":683,"readingTime":251},"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00c-7b45-b96b-398f2ced898e","\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fammonia-toxicity",{"entityId":247,"entityType":269,"language":261,"slug":686,"atAGlance":687,"whatYouMayNotice":693,"whyItMatters":700,"whatToCheck":704,"practicalProtocol":711,"preventionControl":712,"veterinaryEscalation":716,"hasPracticalData":266},"ammonia-toxicity",[688,689,691],{"label":273,"value":274},{"label":486,"value":690},"All age groups; growing broilers show high susceptibility",{"label":489,"value":692},"Non-infectious (environmental exposure)",[694,696,698],{"label":277,"value":695},"Squinting, blinking, watery eyes, conjunctivitis, severe photophobia, blepharo-spasm. Respiratory: tracheal rales, coughing, sneezing.",{"label":280,"value":697},"Corneal ulcers, blindness; targets Respiratory and Integumentary (Ocular) systems.",{"label":283,"value":699},"Severe conjunctival congestion, corneal edema\u002Fulceration, tracheal mucosal congestion with loss of ciliated epithelial layer.",[701,703],{"label":500,"value":702},"10% to 15% (indirectly, due to secondary respiratory infections)",{"label":503,"value":274},[705,707,709],{"label":288,"value":706},"Ocular irritation, strong ammonia smell",{"label":291,"value":708},"Colorimetric indicator tubes or electronic gas detectors; Histopathology showing tracheal deciliation",{"label":294,"value":710},"Infectious Laryngotracheitis, Newcastle Disease",[],[713,714],{"label":299,"value":300},{"label":302,"value":715},"Not applicable",[],{"keywords":718,"canonical":719,"hreflangs":720,"schemas":730,"title":537,"description":537},[257,307,308,261],"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fammonia-toxicity\u002F",[721,722,724,726,728],{"lang":261,"href":719},{"lang":313,"href":723},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fhi\u002Fdiseases\u002Fammonia-toxicity\u002F",{"lang":316,"href":725},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fte\u002Fdiseases\u002Fammonia-toxicity\u002F",{"lang":319,"href":727},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fta\u002Fdiseases\u002Fammonia-toxicity\u002F",{"lang":322,"href":729},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fkn\u002Fdiseases\u002Fammonia-toxicity\u002F",[731],"{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@type\":\"TechArticle\",\"headline\":\"Ammonia Toxicity\",\"description\":\"Ammonia Toxicity\",\"identifier\":\"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00c-7b45-b96b-398f2ced898e\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fammonia-toxicity\u002F\",\"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"KodiBook\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\"}}","en\u002Fdiseases\u002Fammonia-toxicity","BvA4TGx6yyIOzgfBhCtxpZ3hZC-acilCMzN3q3RDB5A",{"id":735,"title":736,"author":13,"body":737,"category":257,"day":258,"description":736,"editorialReview":259,"extension":260,"featuredCategories":258,"futureReady":258,"handoff":258,"hero":258,"homepageSections":258,"language":261,"lastUpdated":262,"meta":875,"navigation":266,"path":877,"phase":258,"practical":878,"seo":910,"sequence":258,"stats":258,"stem":925,"tags":258,"translationVersion":327,"version":327,"whyKodiBook":258,"__hash__":926},"content\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fascites.md","Ascites in Poultry",{"type":15,"value":738,"toc":867},[739,741,744,746,749,751,753,756,758,786,788,799,801,812,814,823,825,834,836,853,855],[18,740,50],{"id":49},[52,742,743],{},"A high-priority, non-infectious metabolic disorder of fast-growing broilers. Systemic hypoxia triggers polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension, leading to right ventricular dilation, right-sided heart failure, and massive fluid accumulation in the abdomen.",[18,745,58],{"id":57},[52,747,748],{},"Ascites (Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome) results from a physiological mismatch between a broiler's rapid growth rate and its limited cardiopulmonary capacity. Environmental triggers (cold stress, poor ventilation, high altitude) induce systemic hypoxia, leading to increased blood viscosity and pulmonary arterial resistance. The chronic pressure overload destroys the right ventricle, causing transudation of fluid into the peritoneal cavity. Because it is metabolic, medicines do not cure it. Management relies entirely on moderating early growth rates (feed restriction, light schedules) and controlling environmental temperatures.",[18,750,65],{"id":64},[67,752,70],{"id":69},[52,754,755],{},"Metabolic > Non-Infectious",[67,757,77],{"id":76},[23,759,760,763,765,768,771,774,777,780,783],{},[26,761,762],{},"Prevalence in India: Common in fast-growing broilers",[26,764,566],{},[26,766,767],{},"Affected Species: Fast-growing broilers",[26,769,770],{},"Affected Age: Late-stage broilers (mortality greatest > 5 weeks)",[26,772,773],{},"Transmission: Non-infectious",[26,775,776],{},"Seasonality: Associated with cold weather\u002Fcold stress",[26,778,779],{},"Mortality: Approaching 100% in clinically affected birds showing abdominal distension",[26,781,782],{},"Morbidity: Incidence can exceed 5% in fast-growing flocks",[26,784,785],{},"Economic Importance: High (late-stage mortality, processing plant condemnation)",[67,787,107],{"id":106},[23,789,790,793,796],{},[26,791,792],{},"Early\u002FIntermediate: Reduced exercise tolerance, cyanotic combs and wattles, dyspnea",[26,794,795],{},"Advanced: Severe abdominal distension, reluctant waddling gait; targets Cardiovascular and Respiratory systems",[26,797,798],{},"Postmortem Findings: Large volume (up to 300mL) of clear, amber fluid with yellow fibrin clots in peritoneal cavity. Right ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy. Liver firm\u002Fwhite capsule.",[67,800,122],{"id":121},[23,802,803,806,809],{},[26,804,805],{},"Field Diagnosis: Fluid accumulation in abdomen, cyanosis",[26,807,808],{},"Laboratory Tests: Calculation of Right Ventricle-to-Total Ventricle (RV\u002FTV) ratio > 0.25",[26,810,811],{},"Differential Diagnosis: Colibacillosis (peritonitis), Hepatotoxicoses",[67,813,137],{"id":136},[23,815,816,819,821],{},[26,817,818],{},"Immediate Actions: Increase ventilation, reduce cold stress",[26,820,193],{},[26,822,424],{},[67,824,152],{"id":151},[23,826,827,829,831],{},[26,828,630],{},[26,830,633],{},[26,832,833],{},"Farm Management: Moderating growth rates via feed restriction\u002Flight-dark schedules (first 2 weeks); keeping dust\u002Fammonia low; controlling temperatures to prevent cold stress; SpO2 monitoring in breeding.",[18,835,164],{"id":163},[23,837,838,841,844,847,850],{},[26,839,840],{},"Morbidity Rate: > 5%",[26,842,843],{},"Mortality Rate: ~100% (of clinically affected)",[26,845,846],{},"Target Age: > 5 weeks",[26,848,849],{},"Diagnostic RV\u002FTV Ratio: > 0.25",[26,851,852],{},"Fluid Volume: Up to 300 mL",[18,854,185],{"id":184},[23,856,857,859,861,864],{},[26,858,662],{},[26,860,193],{},[26,862,863],{},"Breed Susceptibility: Fast-growing broilers",[26,865,866],{},"Predisposing Relationships: Co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus or IBV damages lung parenchyma, triggering Ascites",{"title":247,"searchDepth":248,"depth":248,"links":868},[869,870,871,872,873,874],{"id":69,"depth":251,"text":70},{"id":76,"depth":251,"text":77},{"id":106,"depth":251,"text":107},{"id":121,"depth":251,"text":122},{"id":136,"depth":251,"text":137},{"id":151,"depth":251,"text":152},{"puid":876,"readingTime":251},"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00c-7d5d-83fa-6055f96cf1c9","\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fascites",{"entityId":247,"entityType":269,"language":261,"slug":879,"atAGlance":880,"whatYouMayNotice":886,"whyItMatters":893,"whatToCheck":898,"practicalProtocol":905,"preventionControl":906,"veterinaryEscalation":909,"hasPracticalData":266},"ascites",[881,882,884],{"label":273,"value":274},{"label":486,"value":883},"Late-stage broilers (mortality greatest > 5 weeks)",{"label":489,"value":885},"Non-infectious",[887,889,891],{"label":277,"value":888},"Reduced exercise tolerance, cyanotic combs and wattles, dyspnea",{"label":280,"value":890},"Severe abdominal distension, reluctant waddling gait; targets Cardiovascular and Respiratory systems",{"label":283,"value":892},"Large volume (up to 300mL) of clear, amber fluid with yellow fibrin clots in peritoneal cavity. Right ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy. Liver firm\u002Fwhite capsule.",[894,896],{"label":500,"value":895},"Approaching 100% in clinically affected birds showing abdominal distension",{"label":503,"value":897},"High (late-stage mortality, processing plant condemnation)",[899,901,903],{"label":288,"value":900},"Fluid accumulation in abdomen, cyanosis",{"label":291,"value":902},"Calculation of Right Ventricle-to-Total Ventricle (RV\u002FTV) ratio > 0.25",{"label":294,"value":904},"Colibacillosis (peritonitis), Hepatotoxicoses",[],[907,908],{"label":299,"value":300},{"label":302,"value":715},[],{"keywords":911,"canonical":912,"hreflangs":913,"schemas":923,"title":736,"description":736},[257,307,308,261],"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fascites\u002F",[914,915,917,919,921],{"lang":261,"href":912},{"lang":313,"href":916},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fhi\u002Fdiseases\u002Fascites\u002F",{"lang":316,"href":918},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fte\u002Fdiseases\u002Fascites\u002F",{"lang":319,"href":920},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fta\u002Fdiseases\u002Fascites\u002F",{"lang":322,"href":922},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fkn\u002Fdiseases\u002Fascites\u002F",[924],"{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@type\":\"TechArticle\",\"headline\":\"Ascites in Poultry\",\"description\":\"Ascites in Poultry\",\"identifier\":\"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00c-7d5d-83fa-6055f96cf1c9\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Fascites\u002F\",\"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"KodiBook\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\"}}","en\u002Fdiseases\u002Fascites","efud_6kNjUTBmrrRkc3HJ_mhtQeVzvc7_e-IpXYsKwM",{"id":928,"title":929,"author":13,"body":930,"category":257,"day":258,"description":929,"editorialReview":259,"extension":260,"featuredCategories":258,"futureReady":258,"handoff":258,"hero":258,"homepageSections":258,"language":261,"lastUpdated":262,"meta":1104,"navigation":266,"path":1106,"phase":258,"practical":1107,"seo":1132,"sequence":258,"stats":258,"stem":1147,"tags":258,"translationVersion":327,"version":327,"whyKodiBook":258,"__hash__":1148},"content\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Faspergillosis.md","Aspergillosis in Poultry",{"type":15,"value":931,"toc":1096},[932,934,956,958,961,963,966,968,970,973,975,997,999,1010,1012,1023,1025,1033,1035,1046,1048,1059,1061,1073,1075,1082,1084,1086,1091,1093],[18,933,21],{"id":20},[23,935,936,939,942,945,948,950,953],{},[26,937,938],{},"Entity Name: Aspergillosis",[26,940,941],{},"Alternative Names: Brooder Pneumonia",[26,943,944],{},"Scientific Name: Aspergillus fumigatus \u002F Aspergillus flavus",[26,946,947],{},"Category: Fungal",[26,949,40],{},[26,951,952],{},"Commercial Importance: Medium to High",[26,954,955],{},"India Relevance: Lung nodules in chicks",[18,957,50],{"id":49},[52,959,960],{},"An infectious, non-contagious fungal disease affecting poultry chicks. Inhaled hydrophobic conidia germinate deep within the lungs, releasing gliotoxins that induce severe granulomatous pneumonia and respiratory failure.",[18,962,58],{"id":57},[52,964,965],{},"Aspergillosis, or Brooder Pneumonia, is a severe fungal pathogen primarily affecting young chicks in hatchery and brooder systems. Small airborne conidia bypass upper respiratory filters, germinating into tissue-invading hyphae within the lungs and air sacs. They form characteristic yellow-white granulomas. There is no horizontal bird-to-bird transmission and no effective treatment in commercial poultry. Prevention is paramount, demanding strict disinfection of incubators and hatcheries, adequate ventilation, and absolute avoidance of damp or moldy litter. The lung damage from Aspergillosis is a direct predisposing trigger for Ascites (right-sided heart failure) in fast-growing broilers.",[18,967,65],{"id":64},[67,969,70],{"id":69},[52,971,972],{},"Fungal > Infectious Pathogen",[67,974,77],{"id":76},[23,976,977,980,982,985,988,991,994],{},[26,978,979],{},"Severity: Medium to High (high mortality in chicks)",[26,981,88],{},[26,983,984],{},"Affected Age: Young chicks \u003C 3 weeks of age; adults can develop chronic form",[26,986,987],{},"Transmission: Inhalation of airborne conidia (no direct bird-to-bird transmission)",[26,989,990],{},"Mortality: 5% to 50%",[26,992,993],{},"Morbidity: 1% to 10%",[26,995,996],{},"Economic Importance: Medium",[67,998,107],{"id":106},[23,1000,1001,1004,1007],{},[26,1002,1003],{},"Early\u002FIntermediate: Rapid, deep gasping (dyspnea) without tracheal rales, severe depression, lethargy, anorexia",[26,1005,1006],{},"Advanced: Nervous signs (torticollis, loss of equilibrium), ocular lesions (unilateral blindness); targets Respiratory system, CNS, and Eyes.",[26,1008,1009],{},"Postmortem Findings: Multiple discrete, yellow-white, firm cheesy granulomas (1-5mm) in lungs. Thickened, cloudy air sacs lined with dense bluish-green velvety mold.",[67,1011,122],{"id":121},[23,1013,1014,1017,1020],{},[26,1015,1016],{},"Field Diagnosis: Gasping chicks without rales, lung nodules",[26,1018,1019],{},"Laboratory Tests: 10% KOH wet mounts of lung lesions (showing branching septate hyphae), Isolation on Sabouraud dextrose agar (smoky blue-green colonies)",[26,1021,1022],{},"Differential Diagnosis: Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bronchitis, Colibacillosis",[67,1024,137],{"id":136},[23,1026,1027,1030],{},[26,1028,1029],{},"Immediate Actions: Remove moldy litter, improve ventilation",[26,1031,1032],{},"Medicines: No effective treatment in commercial poultry",[67,1034,152],{"id":151},[23,1036,1037,1040,1043],{},[26,1038,1039],{},"Vaccination: None exist",[26,1041,1042],{},"Biosecurity: Mitigated by standard Biosecurity Protocols, hatchery\u002Fincubator disinfection",[26,1044,1045],{},"Farm Management: Avoid damp\u002Fmoldy litter, maintain optimal ventilation",[18,1047,164],{"id":163},[23,1049,1050,1053,1056],{},[26,1051,1052],{},"Morbidity Rate: 1% to 10%",[26,1054,1055],{},"Mortality Rate: 5% to 50%",[26,1057,1058],{},"Target Age: \u003C 3 weeks",[18,1060,185],{"id":184},[23,1062,1063,1065,1067,1070],{},[26,1064,662],{},[26,1066,193],{},[26,1068,1069],{},"Biosecurity: Hatchery Sanitation, Litter moisture control",[26,1071,1072],{},"Predisposing Relationships: Triggers Ascites Syndrome (Pulmonary Hypertension)",[18,1074,206],{"id":205},[23,1076,1077,1080],{},[26,1078,1079],{},"Source: Poultry Disease Canonical Research; Comprehensive Guide to Avian Pathogens",[26,1081,217],{},[18,1083,221],{"id":220},[18,1085,230],{"id":229},[23,1087,1088],{},[26,1089,1090],{},"Prevalence in India and specific seasonality",[18,1092,242],{"id":241},[52,1094,1095],{},"Identity: Complete\nStructured Facts: Complete\nQuantitative Data: Complete\nRelationships: Complete\nReferences: Partial\nEvidence: Complete\nOverall Completeness: 95%",{"title":247,"searchDepth":248,"depth":248,"links":1097},[1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103],{"id":69,"depth":251,"text":70},{"id":76,"depth":251,"text":77},{"id":106,"depth":251,"text":107},{"id":121,"depth":251,"text":122},{"id":136,"depth":251,"text":137},{"id":151,"depth":251,"text":152},{"puid":1105,"readingTime":248},"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00c-749d-ba18-a0c9a7a35bce","\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Faspergillosis",{"entityId":247,"entityType":269,"language":261,"slug":1108,"atAGlance":1109,"whatYouMayNotice":1111,"whyItMatters":1118,"whatToCheck":1119,"practicalProtocol":1126,"preventionControl":1127,"veterinaryEscalation":1131,"hasPracticalData":266},"aspergillosis",[1110],{"label":273,"value":274},[1112,1114,1116],{"label":277,"value":1113},"Rapid, deep gasping (dyspnea) without tracheal rales, severe depression, lethargy, anorexia",{"label":280,"value":1115},"Nervous signs (torticollis, loss of equilibrium), ocular lesions (unilateral blindness); targets Respiratory system, CNS, and Eyes.",{"label":283,"value":1117},"Multiple discrete, yellow-white, firm cheesy granulomas (1-5mm) in lungs. Thickened, cloudy air sacs lined with dense bluish-green velvety mold.",[],[1120,1122,1124],{"label":288,"value":1121},"Gasping chicks without rales, lung nodules",{"label":291,"value":1123},"10% KOH wet mounts of lung lesions (showing branching septate hyphae), Isolation on Sabouraud dextrose agar (smoky blue-green colonies)",{"label":294,"value":1125},"Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bronchitis, Colibacillosis",[],[1128,1129],{"label":299,"value":300},{"label":302,"value":1130},"Hatchery Sanitation, Litter moisture control",[],{"keywords":1133,"canonical":1134,"hreflangs":1135,"schemas":1145,"title":929,"description":929},[257,307,308,261],"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Faspergillosis\u002F",[1136,1137,1139,1141,1143],{"lang":261,"href":1134},{"lang":313,"href":1138},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fhi\u002Fdiseases\u002Faspergillosis\u002F",{"lang":316,"href":1140},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fte\u002Fdiseases\u002Faspergillosis\u002F",{"lang":319,"href":1142},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fta\u002Fdiseases\u002Faspergillosis\u002F",{"lang":322,"href":1144},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fkn\u002Fdiseases\u002Faspergillosis\u002F",[1146],"{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@type\":\"TechArticle\",\"headline\":\"Aspergillosis in Poultry\",\"description\":\"Aspergillosis in Poultry\",\"identifier\":\"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00c-749d-ba18-a0c9a7a35bce\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Faspergillosis\u002F\",\"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"KodiBook\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\"}}","en\u002Fdiseases\u002Faspergillosis","vEe3XyPOFOWW2n0xsjgznHNoyWrGN4biTcj7LdHawAU",{"id":1150,"title":1151,"author":13,"body":1152,"category":257,"day":258,"description":1151,"editorialReview":259,"extension":260,"featuredCategories":258,"futureReady":258,"handoff":258,"hero":258,"homepageSections":258,"language":261,"lastUpdated":262,"meta":1344,"navigation":266,"path":1346,"phase":258,"practical":1347,"seo":1372,"sequence":258,"stats":258,"stem":1387,"tags":258,"translationVersion":327,"version":327,"whyKodiBook":258,"__hash__":1388},"content\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Favian-influenza.md","Avian Influenza in Poultry",{"type":15,"value":1153,"toc":1336},[1154,1156,1177,1179,1182,1184,1187,1189,1191,1193,1195,1221,1223,1234,1236,1247,1249,1262,1264,1275,1277,1291,1293,1305,1307,1317,1319,1324,1326,1331,1333],[18,1155,21],{"id":20},[23,1157,1158,1161,1164,1167,1169,1171,1174],{},[26,1159,1160],{},"Entity Name: Avian Influenza",[26,1162,1163],{},"Alternative Names: H5N1 \u002F H9N2, HPAI \u002F LPAI",[26,1165,1166],{},"Scientific Name: Influenza A viruses",[26,1168,37],{},[26,1170,40],{},[26,1172,1173],{},"Commercial Importance: Critical",[26,1175,1176],{},"India Relevance: H5N1 requires mandatory culling under DAHD guidelines",[18,1178,50],{"id":49},[52,1180,1181],{},"A critical, highly contagious viral infectious disease affecting poultry. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI, e.g., H5N1) causes pantropic systemic infection, vascular endothelial damage, and multi-organ failure, requiring culling. Low Pathogenic strains (LPAI, e.g., H9N2) restrict to respiratory\u002FGI tracts and cause drops in lay.",[18,1183,58],{"id":57},[52,1185,1186],{},"Avian Influenza is a critical viral pathogen transmitted globally via wild bird vectors. HPAI virulence is determined by multiple basic amino acids at the HA0 cleavage site, allowing ubiquitous intracellular proteases to trigger rapid, systemic multi-organ failure. The economic impact is critical; H5N1 mandates immediate flock culling and disrupts international trade. H9N2 (LPAI) leads to a drop in egg production. Prevention relies on absolute physical biosecurity, specifically wild bird netting (max 0.5 inch mesh wire) and concrete-elevated floors to exclude wild carriers.",[18,1188,65],{"id":64},[67,1190,70],{"id":69},[52,1192,73],{},[67,1194,77],{"id":76},[23,1196,1197,1200,1203,1206,1209,1212,1215,1218],{},[26,1198,1199],{},"Prevalence in India: Susceptible to outbreaks; managed under strict DAHD eradication guidelines",[26,1201,1202],{},"Severity: Critical (HPAI requires culling)",[26,1204,1205],{},"Affected Species: Poultry and wild avian species",[26,1207,1208],{},"Affected Age: All age groups",[26,1210,1211],{},"Transmission: Direct contact with respiratory secretions\u002Ffeces; indirect via wild bird vectors, contaminated equipment\u002Fwater",[26,1213,1214],{},"Mortality: Up to 100% within 48 hours for HPAI",[26,1216,1217],{},"Morbidity: Up to 100%",[26,1219,1220],{},"Economic Importance: Critical (trade bans, compulsory eradication)",[67,1222,107],{"id":106},[23,1224,1225,1228,1231],{},[26,1226,1227],{},"Early\u002FIntermediate: Severe depression, H9N2 causes drop in lay",[26,1229,1230],{},"Advanced: Sudden death, recumbency, cyanosis and swelling of comb\u002Fwattles, subcutaneous edema of head\u002Fshanks, petechial hemorrhages on unfeathered skin. Targets Vascular Endothelium, Systemic, Respiratory, Nervous, and GI systems.",[26,1232,1233],{},"Postmortem Findings: Diffuse hemorrhages throughout visceral organs (epicardium, myocardium, proventriculus), necrotizing pancreatitis, splenomegaly, severe pulmonary congestion and edema.",[67,1235,122],{"id":121},[23,1237,1238,1241,1244],{},[26,1239,1240],{},"Field Diagnosis: Sudden high mortality, cyanotic comb\u002Fwattles, subcutaneous edema",[26,1242,1243],{},"Laboratory Tests: RT-PCR targeting matrix (M) gene and subtype-specific primers (H5\u002FH7), virus isolation in SPF embryonated eggs (BSL-3). Sequencing of HA0 cleavage site.",[26,1245,1246],{},"Differential Diagnosis: Velogenic Newcastle Disease, Fowl Cholera, Infectious Laryngotracheitis",[67,1248,137],{"id":136},[23,1250,1251,1254,1257,1259],{},[26,1252,1253],{},"Immediate Actions: HPAI requires mandatory culling, movement bans, and restricted access (Control zones)",[26,1255,1256],{},"Supportive Care: Not applicable for HPAI",[26,1258,193],{},[26,1260,1261],{},"Veterinary Intervention: Strict DAHD regulatory enforcement and monthly\u002F21-day surveillance testing for compartmental freedom.",[67,1263,152],{"id":151},[23,1265,1266,1269,1272],{},[26,1267,1268],{},"Vaccination: None mentioned",[26,1270,1271],{},"Biosecurity: Wild Bird Netting (Max 0.5 inch mesh wire), concrete-elevated floors, separate entry with foot dips, quarterly medical check-ups for workers.",[26,1273,1274],{},"Farm Management: Compartmentalization and wildlife exclusion",[18,1276,164],{"id":163},[23,1278,1279,1282,1285,1288],{},[26,1280,1281],{},"Morbidity Rate: Up to 100%",[26,1283,1284],{},"Mortality Rate: Up to 100% within 48 hours (HPAI)",[26,1286,1287],{},"Netting Mesh Wire Size: Maximum 0.5 inch",[26,1289,1290],{},"Regulatory Threshold: IVPI > 1.2 or > 75% mortality requires sequencing",[18,1292,185],{"id":184},[23,1294,1295,1297,1299,1302],{},[26,1296,662],{},[26,1298,193],{},[26,1300,1301],{},"Biosecurity: Wild Bird Netting, DAHD Control Zones",[26,1303,1304],{},"Vector: Wild Birds",[18,1306,206],{"id":205},[23,1308,1309,1312,1315],{},[26,1310,1311],{},"Source: Comprehensive Guide to Avian Pathogens and Poultry Health Management; Poultry Disease Canonical Research",[26,1313,1314],{},"Organization: Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD), WOAH",[26,1316,217],{},[18,1318,221],{"id":220},[23,1320,1321],{},[26,1322,1323],{},"DAHD National Guidelines, WOAH standards",[18,1325,230],{"id":229},[23,1327,1328],{},[26,1329,1330],{},"Specific seasonality",[18,1332,242],{"id":241},[52,1334,1335],{},"Identity: Complete\nStructured Facts: Complete\nQuantitative Data: Complete\nRelationships: Complete\nEvidence: Complete\nReferences: Complete\nOverall Completeness: 98%",{"title":247,"searchDepth":248,"depth":248,"links":1337},[1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343],{"id":69,"depth":251,"text":70},{"id":76,"depth":251,"text":77},{"id":106,"depth":251,"text":107},{"id":121,"depth":251,"text":122},{"id":136,"depth":251,"text":137},{"id":151,"depth":251,"text":152},{"puid":1345,"readingTime":248},"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00c-7ea1-9d9d-bdeec0f58c4b","\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Favian-influenza",{"entityId":247,"entityType":269,"language":261,"slug":1348,"atAGlance":1349,"whatYouMayNotice":1351,"whyItMatters":1358,"whatToCheck":1359,"practicalProtocol":1366,"preventionControl":1367,"veterinaryEscalation":1371,"hasPracticalData":266},"avian-influenza",[1350],{"label":273,"value":274},[1352,1354,1356],{"label":277,"value":1353},"Severe depression, H9N2 causes drop in lay",{"label":280,"value":1355},"Sudden death, recumbency, cyanosis and swelling of comb\u002Fwattles, subcutaneous edema of head\u002Fshanks, petechial hemorrhages on unfeathered skin. Targets Vascular Endothelium, Systemic, Respiratory, Nervous, and GI systems.",{"label":283,"value":1357},"Diffuse hemorrhages throughout visceral organs (epicardium, myocardium, proventriculus), necrotizing pancreatitis, splenomegaly, severe pulmonary congestion and edema.",[],[1360,1362,1364],{"label":288,"value":1361},"Sudden high mortality, cyanotic comb\u002Fwattles, subcutaneous edema",{"label":291,"value":1363},"RT-PCR targeting matrix (M) gene and subtype-specific primers (H5\u002FH7), virus isolation in SPF embryonated eggs (BSL-3). Sequencing of HA0 cleavage site.",{"label":294,"value":1365},"Velogenic Newcastle Disease, Fowl Cholera, Infectious Laryngotracheitis",[],[1368,1369],{"label":299,"value":300},{"label":302,"value":1370},"Wild Bird Netting, DAHD Control Zones",[],{"keywords":1373,"canonical":1374,"hreflangs":1375,"schemas":1385,"title":1151,"description":1151},[257,307,308,261],"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Favian-influenza\u002F",[1376,1377,1379,1381,1383],{"lang":261,"href":1374},{"lang":313,"href":1378},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fhi\u002Fdiseases\u002Favian-influenza\u002F",{"lang":316,"href":1380},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fte\u002Fdiseases\u002Favian-influenza\u002F",{"lang":319,"href":1382},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fta\u002Fdiseases\u002Favian-influenza\u002F",{"lang":322,"href":1384},"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fkn\u002Fdiseases\u002Favian-influenza\u002F",[1386],"{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@type\":\"TechArticle\",\"headline\":\"Avian Influenza in Poultry\",\"description\":\"Avian Influenza in Poultry\",\"identifier\":\"puid_poultry_01a051e7-a00c-7ea1-9d9d-bdeec0f58c4b\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\u002Fen\u002Fdiseases\u002Favian-influenza\u002F\",\"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"KodiBook\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fkodibook.com\"}}","en\u002Fdiseases\u002Favian-influenza","PUmqO6XWQZir_qsZVUBs3JClqL5_y_GCHImw15ZF9OQ",1789568982362]